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What is an MLM?

How exactly did the British manage to diddle us and drain our wealth’ ? was the question that Basudev Chatterjee (later editor of a volume in the Towards Freedom project) had posed to me 50 years ago when we were fellow-students abroad.

After decades of research I find that using India’s commodity export surplus as the measure and applying an interest rate of 5%, the total drain from 1765 to 1938, compounded up to 2016, comes to £9.2 trillion; since $4.86 exchanged for £1 those days, this sum equals about $45 trillion.

She [Patnaik] consistently adopts statistical assumptions (such as compound interest at a rate of 5% per annum over centuries) that exaggerate the magnitude of the drain

The exact mechanism of drain, or transfers from India to Britain was quite simple.

Drain theory possessed the political merit of being easily grasped by a nation of peasants. [...] No other idea could arouse people than the thought that they were being taxed so that others in far off lands might live in comfort. [...] It was, therefore, inevitable that the drain theory became the main staple of nationalist political agitation during the Gandhian era.

The key factor was Britain’s control over our taxation revenues combined with control over India’s financial gold and forex earnings from its booming commodity export surplus with the world. Simply put, Britain used locally raised rupee tax revenues to pay for its net import of goods, a highly abnormal use of budgetary funds not seen in any sovereign country.

the "drain theory" of Indian poverty cannot be tested with evidence, for several reasons. First, it rests on the counterfactual that any money saved on account of factor payments abroad would translate into domestic investment, which can never be proved. Second, it rests on "the primitive notion that all payments to foreigners are "drain"", that is, on the assumption that these payments did not contribute to domestic national income to the equivalent extent (Kumar 1985, 384; see also Chaudhuri 1968). Again, this cannot be tested. [...] Fourth, while British officers serving India did receive salaries that were many times that of the average income in India, a paper using cross-country data shows that colonies with better paid officers were governed better (Jones 2013).

The East India Company from 1765 onwards allocated every year up to one-third of Indian budgetary revenues net of collection costs, to buy a large volume of goods for direct import into Britain, far in excess of that country’s own needs.

Colonial India ran an export surplus, which, together with foreign investment, was used to pay for services purchased from Britain. These payments included interest on public debt, salaries, and pensions paid to government offcers who had come from Britain, salaries of managers and engineers, guaranteed profts paid to railway companies, and repatriated business profts. How do we know that any of these payments involved paying too much? The answer is we do not.

It is obvious that these debit items were financed through the export surplus on merchandise account, and later, when railway construction started on a large scale in India, through capital import. Until 1833 the East India Company followed a cumbersome method in remitting the annual home charges. This was to purchase export commodities in India out of revenue, which were then shipped to London and the proceeds from their sale handed over to the home treasury.

she [Patnaik] consistently ignores research that would tend to cut the economic impact of the drain down to size, such as the work on the sources of investment during the industrial revolution (which shows that industrialisation was financed by the ploughed-back profits of industrialists) or the costs of empire school (which stresses the high price of imperial defence)

Since tropical goods were highly prized in other cold temperate countries which could never produce them, in effect these free goods represented international purchasing power for Britain which kept a part for its own use and re-exported the balance to other countries in Europe and North America against import of food grains, iron and other goods in which it was deficient.

The British historians Phyllis Deane and WA Cole presented an incorrect estimate of Britain’s 18th-19th century trade volume, by leaving out re-exports completely. I found that by 1800 Britain’s total trade was 62% higher than their estimate, on applying the correct definition of trade including re-exports, that is used by the United Nations and by all other international organisations.

When the Crown took over from the Company, from 1861 a clever system was developed under which all of India’s financial gold and forex earnings from its fast-rising commodity export surplus with the world, was intercepted and appropriated by Britain. As before up to a third of India’s rising budgetary revenues was not spent domestically but was set aside as ‘expenditure abroad’.

Some of the expenditures on defense and administration were made in sterling and went out of the country. This payment by the government was known as the Home Charges. For example, interest payment on loans raised to finance construction of railways and irrigation works, pensions paid to retired officers, and purchase of stores, were payments in sterling. [...] almost all money that the government paid abroad corresponded to the purchase of a service from abroad. [...] The balance of payments system that emerged after 1800 was based on standard business principles. India bought something and paid for it. State revenues were used to pay for wages of people hired abroad, pay for interest on loans raised abroad, and repatriation of profits on foreign investments coming into India. These were legitimate market transactions.

The Secretary of State for India in Council, based in London, invited foreign importers to deposit with him the payment (in gold, sterling and their own currencies) for their net imports from India, and these gold and forex payments disappeared into the yawning maw of the SoS’s account in the Bank of England.

The fact that the India Office in London managed a part of the monetary system made India creditworthy, stabilized its currency, and encouraged foreign savers to put money into railways and private enterprise in India. Current research on the history of public debt shows that stable and large colonies found it easier to borrow abroad than independent economies because the investors trusted the guarantee of the colonist powers.

Against India’s net foreign earnings he issued bills, termed Council bills (CBs), to an equivalent rupee value. The rate (between gold-linked sterling and silver rupee) at which the bills were issued, was carefully adjusted to the last farthing, so that foreigners would never find it more profitable to ship financial gold as payment directly to Indians, compared to using the CB route. Foreign importers then sent the CBs by post or by telegraph to the export houses in India, that via the exchange banks were paid out of the budgeted provision of sums under ‘expenditure abroad’, and the exporters in turn paid the producers (peasants and artisans) from whom they sourced the goods.

Council bills had two roles. They firstly promoted trade by handing the IO some control of the rate of exchange and allowing the exchange banks to remit funds to India and to hedge currency transaction risks. They also enabled the Indian government to transfer cash to England for the payment of its UK commitments.

The United Nations (1962) historical data for 1900 to 1960, show that for three decades up to 1928 (and very likely earlier too) India posted the second highest merchandise export surplus in the world, with USA in the first position. Not only were Indians deprived of every bit of the enormous international purchasing power they had earned over 175 years, even its rupee equivalent was not issued to them since not even the colonial government was credited with any part of India’s net gold and forex earnings against which it could issue rupees. The sleight-of-hand employed, namely ‘paying’ producers out of their own taxes, made India’s export surplus unrequited and constituted a tax-financed drain to the metropolis, as had been correctly pointed out by those highly insightful classical writers, Dadabhai Naoroji and RCDutt.

K. N. Chaudhuri rightly calls such practice ‘confused’ economics ‘coloured by political feelings’.

Surplus budgets to effect such heavy tax-financed transfers had a severe employment–reducing and income-deflating effect: mass consumption was squeezed in order to release export goods. Per capita annual foodgrains absorption in British India declined from 210 kg. during the period 1904-09, to 157 kg. during 1937-41, and to only 137 kg by 1946.

If even a part of its enormous foreign earnings had been credited to it and not entirely siphoned off, India could have imported modern technology to build up an industrial structure as Japan was doing.

This article starts from the premise that while economic categories - the extent of commodity production, wage labour, monetarisation of the economy, etc - should be the basis for any analysis of the production relations of pre-British India, it is the nature of class struggles arising out of particular class alignments that finally gives the decisive twist to social change. Arguing on this premise, and analysing the available evidence, this article concludes that there was little potential for industrial revolution before the British arrived in India because, whatever might have been the character of economic categories of that period, the class relations had not sufficiently matured to develop productive forces and the required class struggle for a 'revolution' to take place.

Yet all of this did not amount to an economic situation comparable to that of western Europe on the eve of the industrial revolution. Her technology - in agriculture as well as manufacturers - had by and large been stagnant for centuries. [...] The weakness of the Indian economy in the mid-eighteenth century, as compared to pre-industrial Europe was not simply a matter of technology and commercial and industrial organization. No scientific or geographical revolution formed part of the eighteenth-century Indian's historical experience. [...] Spontaneous movement towards industrialisation is unlikely in such a situation.

All in all, the Japanese standard of living may not have been much below the English standard of living before industrialization, and both of them may have been considerably higher than the Indian standard of living. We can no longer say that Japan started from a pathetically low economic level and achieved a rapid or even "miraculous" economic growth. Japan's per capita income was almost as high as in Western Europe before industrialization, and it was possible for Japan to produce surplus in the Meiji Period to finance private and public capital formation.

Most modern comparisons between India and Japan, written by either Indianists or Japanese specialists, stress instead that industrial growth in Meiji Japan was the product of unique features that were not reproducible elsewhere. [...] it is undoubtably true that Japan's progress to industrialization has been unique and unrepeatable

^{Perhaps the single greatest and most enduring impact of British rule over India is that it created an Indian nation, in the modern political sense. After centuries of rule by different dynasties overparts of the Indian sub-continent, and after about 100 years of British rule, Indians ceased to be merely Bengalis, Maharashtrians,or Tamils, linguistically and culturally.}

^{But then, it would be anachronistic to condemn eighteenth-century Indians, who served the British, as collaborators, when the notion of 'democratic' nationalism or of an Indian 'nation' did not then exist. [...] Indians who fought for them, differed from the Europeans in having a primary attachment to a non-belligerent religion, family and local chief, which was stronger than any identity they might have with a more remote prince or 'nation'.}

Bibliography

1. Fragile five to Fastest growing economy - India
2. 11th largest to the 5th largest economy - India
3. Share of world GDP from 2.43% in 2014 to 3.08% in 2018
4. Average GDP 7.3% against 6.7% in previous regime
5. Forex reserves from 300 bn USD in 2014 to 420 bn USD in 2018
6. Doubling of FDI inflow from 36 bn USD in 2014 to 66 billion USD in 2018
7. Inflation less than 2.3 % (Nov 18) against 10.1% in 2014
8. Growth of sensex from 24,121.74 in 2014 to 36,395.03 on 12 Feb 19 (50.88%)
9. Fiscal deficit under control
10. Per capita income increased by 45% from Rs 86,647 in 2014 to Rs 1,25,397
11. IT exemption from 2 lakh in 2014 to 5 lakh (effectively 9.85 lakh with home loan)
12. Restaurant bills tax reduced from 18% in 2014 to 5%
13. Transaction charges through card down from 1% to 0%, domestic money transfer fee down from Rs 5 in 2014 to zero
14. Financial inclusion (32 crore bank accounts with 260 billion worth deposits). Almost 100% coverage from earlier 50%
15. DBT (savings of 83000 crores @ 15000 crore annually), No of govt schemes DBT applied to increased from 34 in 2014 to 433, 2.7 lakh fake mid-day meal students, 3.3 crore fake LPG connections, 87 lakh fake MNREGA job cards, 3 crore fake ration cards eliminated
16. Zero IT for businesses with turnover upto 60 lakhs
17. GST exemplifying cooperative federalism, rates of 83 items down from pre-GST rates, out of 1211 items only 35 items in above 18% slab, 39% reduction of cost of basic household items. Average 1 lk crore monthly revenue through GST collection. Exempted for business upto 40 lk
18. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, constitution of NCLT, 3 lakh crores of NPAs recovered, 66 cases resolved, 260 cases liquidated, resolution of stressed assets, 2100 companies pay back 83000 crore to banks settling their pending loan repayments
19. 75 billion $ or Yen to Rupee exchange agreement with Japan
20. 1 lakh shell companies deregistered, FCRA licenses of 4800 NGOs cancelled
21. Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, properties of economic fugitives seized and auctioned
22. 1.9 lakh km of rural roads. Rural road connectivity at 91% from 55%
23. 36 new airports, from 65 in 7 decades to 106, all states now in air connectivity map
24. Effective international diplomacy following 59 visits to nations, 38 single, 10 double, 3 triple and 2 quadruple visits by PM.(Seen during Airstrikes,No Country opposed India)
25. Benami Act for action against Money Laundering
26. Rural sanitation coverage 95 % up from 39% (8.8 crore toilets)
27. Solar energy capacity increased 8 fold from 2.63 GW to 22 GW, 19. 8.5 GW of biogas grid installed.
28. Ganga waterway transportation, usage by shipping giant Maersk, cost of transportation reduced from 10/ton (road) / Rs 6/ton (rail) to Re 1/ton
29. More than 2.4 crore households lit up, rural electricity coverage to households up from 70 to 95%, only 19836 homes remain (in Chhatisgarh) out of 2,48,09,235
30. Electricity accessibility rank jump from 99 in 2014 to 26 in 2019
31. 7 crore new gas connections to 3.5 crore households u/69000 conections per day, coverage 90% from 55%, 82% return for refill, 42% beneficiaries Dalits
32. 14.4 crore mudra loans worth Rs 7 lakh crore disbursed
33. 18000 remote villages connected with electricity
34. 2.92 lakh km of optical fibre laid, 0.02% to 50% gram Panchayat connectivity
35. Swachh bharat mission has saved, according to WHO, 3 lakh lives and will save 1.5 lakh lives per year.
36. IT filers increase from 3.79 crore to 6.08 crore, enterprises registered for indirect tax up from 64 lk to 118 lakh
37. Entry of India in global regimes Missile Technology Control regime (MTCR), WA (Wassenaar Arrangement) and Australia Group
38. 17 crore soil health cards
39. 1.5 crore houses built, 91.37 crore in rural areas and 13.5 lakh in urban areas against 25 lakh houses built between 2010-2014. House for all target year is 2022.
40. 1,78,346 houses built in NE over existing 2875 houses built till 2014
41. Home loan interest rate down from 10.3 % in 2014 to 8.4% in 2018, annual savings of Rs 47,160 for 30 lakhs over 30 years, no GST on affordable housing, 5% on remaining
42. Trading agreement in rupee with Iran and UAE
43. Common service centres up from 84k to 3 Lakh
44. OROP implemented after 43 years, 35000 crores disbursed to 8 crore veterans
45. India's vaccination programme Indradhanush amongst 12 best practices of world
46. 5035 Jan Aushadhi and - 1054 medicines under price control (60-90% discounts).
47. More than 150 Amrit stores, reduction of cost of cromium cobalt Knee implant from 1.58-2.5 lakh to 54,720 and high flex implant from Rs181728 to 56490 (69%), 85% reduction in cardiac stent price to Rs 28000
48. 87% reduction in 400 cancer drugs
49. Rate of Interest on higher education loans dropped from 14.75 in 2013 to 10.88% in 2019, savings of 1.18 lakh on 10 lakh loan over tenure of 60 months, Rs 2000 savings on EMI
50. Data revolution: Cost of 1 GB $0.26 in India against $12.37 in US, $6.66 in UK and $75.2 in Zimbabwe. Unlimited mobile+ 45 Gb data = Rs 150 against Rs 1000 in 2013; annual savings of 10,200
51. Katra rail line work completed after 16 years
52. Dhola Sadiya bridge work completed after 16 years
53. Sardar Sarovar Dam work completed after 15 years
54. Aadhaar act
55. Pakyong airport completed after 10 years
56. Chennai Nashri Tunnel after 10 years
57. Assam NRC after 40 years
58. National War Memorial after 50 years
59. NE cpas after 60 years
60. Kollam bypass after 43 years
61. Indo-Bangladesh enclaves after 42 years
62. Bansagar canal project after 40 years
63. Bogibeel bridge after 23 years
64. Western peri expressway after 15 years
65. Kota Chambal bridge after 11 years
66. Maibang-Lumding Stretch completed
67. Delhi Meerut Expressway completed
68. Ganga Expressway project (world's longest) underway
69. Metros in Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Jaipur, Lucknow, Washermenpet
70. All umanned level crossings eliminated
71. Ayushman Bharat: annual 5 lakh health care to every family, 15.05 lakh hospital admissions for secondary/ tertiary treatment, 2.4 crore e-cards generated as on 10 Mar 19 in 170 days. Target 50 crore people.
72. 59minutes loan portal: 92,000 loan applications of MSME amounting to 30,000 crores approved, 6000 crores sanctioned till Nov 18
73. 87% of farming house (owning land of 2 hctrs) or 12 cr ppl to get kisaan sammaan nidhi of Rs 6000 pr year. Rs 5215 cr transferred directly to 2.6 crore farmers in 37 days (for households with holding less than 0.01 hectares incm per month so far was Rs 8136 agnst exp of 6594
74. 1.5 million electric rickshaws
75. Procurement of 36 Rafale on Government to Government Basis avoiding middlemen
76. 05 billion$ S 400 Triumf air defence missile system deal with Russia
77. 145 M777 howitzer deal
78. 22 Apache AH 64E multi-role combat helos
79. 200 KA-226T helicopters
80. 56 EADS CASA C-295 transport aircraft
81. 15 CH 47 Chinook tactical transport helicopters
82. 2.3 lakh Bullet proof jackets
83. 1.6 lakh Bullet-proof helmets
84. 777 mn USD Barak 8 LRSAM contract
85. 5 bn USD S-400 air defence systems
86. 10 Heron TP armed drones
87. 4 additional P8I MR aircraft
88. 40 units of Laser sensor border fence installed
89. 72,400 Sig Sauer Assault rifles
90. 100 self-propelled K9 Vajra howitzers
91. 700000 AK-103 Kalashnikov assault rifles indigenous facility
92. Surgical strikes in Myanmar, across LoC and in Pakistan. Only Country to bomb a Nuclear Powered Country
93. 240 million visitors at Kumbh Mela 2019, cost 4236 crores @ Rs 177 per tourist, revenue 1.2 Lakh crores
94. 833 teraflop supercomputer Param Shivay by IIT BHU at Rs 32.5 crores
95. Divisional status to Ladakh
96. 470 bed ESIC hospital in Ennore
97. 100 bed ESIC hospital in Tiruppur
98. Namami Gange - Ganga is 30% cleaner, 83 out of 97 ganga towns and 4456 villages achieved ODF status, 08 out of 16 drains emptying 16 crore l sewage into Ganga tapped. Target date Mar 2020
99. 5,45,122 ODF villages, 598 ODF districts, 27 ODF states/ villages
100. RERA implementation
101. Udaan scheme - flight cost down from Rs 5000/1000 km in 2013 to 3400/1000 km in 2018, 34 airports operationalised, small towns connected, all states on aerial
102. Preventive conservation of 39275570 folios, curative conservation of 3656863 filios, digitisation of 2.83 lakh manuscripts consisting of 2.93 crore pages
103. India is now world's largest 2-wheeler manufacturer, 2nd largest smartphone manufacturer (94% of mobiles sold now made in India), 4th largest automaker, 2nd largest steel producer
104. 5100 m Mandvi Bridge in Goa in 3.5 years
105. Ease of doing Business ranking jump from 134 in 2014 to 77 in 2019
106. Therubali - Singapur Bridge No 588
107. Restoration of Asurgarh Fort, Kalahandi
108. GeM portal with 731431 product categories, 180,862 registered sellers and 32114 govt buyers
109. 10% EWS reservation
110. 40% of ongoing 700 NH projects completed, adding 40,039 km between 2014-18 against 91,287 km between 1947-2014
111. Highway construction rate jumped from 12 km/day in 2014 to 27 km/day in 2019
112. 101 terrorists and 11 offenders extradited
113. 90,000 ex-partite Indians evacuated
114. Chabahar port, Sittwe port and Duqm port
115. Military installation in Seychelles
116. International logistics agreements with US, France and Singapore
117. Work underway on 25 MLD ZLD Common Effluent Treatment Plant at Gujarat Eco Textile Park and will save 25 million litres of water per day
118. Beautification of 65 railway stations, all stations fitted with LED lights, wi-fi, multi-brand food centres, kiosks, executive lounges, lifts (445 from 97 in 2014), escalators (603 from 199 in 2014), travellators and ramps
119. Record number of foot over bridges built
120. 871 new train services
121. 180 new rail lines
122. Dedicated railway freight corridor - 2 sections completed
123. 100% electrification of railways underway, first solar powered railway station (Guwahati). First solar powered train (world's second), savings of Rs 40 Lakhs and 90,000 ltrs diesel per year
124. Make in India semi-high-speed trains - Tejas, Gatiman and Vande Bharat
125. Humsafar and Antodaya trains, Deen Dayalu and Anubhuti coaches, UDAY double decker, glass dome Vistadome coaches
126. Project Swarn and Project Utkrisht to upgrade Rajdhani/Shatabdi and Mail/Express respectively
127. Largest coach production in world at ICF, Chennai
128. No more human extreta on railway tracks. Installation of 1.37 lakh out of 2.5 lakh completed in Jun 18.
129. 400 wi-fi railway stations (Aug 18)
130. 80% reduction in rail accidents
131. 10 high speed rail corridors underway, target date 2025-26
132. Export of world class customised coaches from MCF, Rae Bareli
133. LIC and Air India register profit
134. 2300 km rail tracks constructed, speed jumped from 4.1 km/day in 2014 to 6.53 km/day in 2018
135. Neem coating of urea
136. Gokul mission - record 160 million ton milk production
137. Online availability of CBSE and NCERT books
138. 10 crore LED bulbs distributed, 5000 crore savings
139. Investment in urban infrastructure jumped from 157703 crores to 795500 crores
140. Statue of Unity to commemorate Iron Man of India
141. Rs 2509 crore sales in Khadi
142. 482.36 million digital transactions worth Rs 74,978 crores in Oct 2018 against 0.3 million transactions worth Rs 90 crores in Nov 2016
143. 30% increase in ATMs, 208% increase of PoS machines from 10.81 lakh in May 14 to 33.32 lakh in Aug 18, 111% increase in credit cards from 1.94 crore in May 14 to 4.10 crore in Aug 18, 144% increase in debit cards from 40.17 crore to 98.02 crore
144. Ease of Doing Business Index 142 (2014) to 100 (2018)
145. Ease of getting electricity index 99 (2014) to 26 (2018)
146. UN's e-govt index 118 (2014) to 97(2018)
147. Globalisation index 112 to 107 (2018)
148. Innovation index 76 to 60 (2018)
149. Competitiveness index 71 to 39
150. Logistics performance index 54 to 35
151. Global peace index 141 to 137
152. DBR ranking 100 to 77
153. India ranks 3rd in global start up ecosystem
154. 06 crore jobs in MSME sector based on CII data
155. 448 million formal jobs based on EPFO, NPS and PPF data
156. 10 crore jobs in entrepreneurship via mudra and other schemes
157. 80% increase in tax payers, 51.3 % increase in gross tax revenue
158. Black Money report card - Voluntary income declaration scheme (Rs 65250 crore), IT search and survey operations (35,460 crore), Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana(5000 crore), Benami transactions Act (4300 crore), Black Money and Imposition of Tax Act (4100 crore)

1. 800 km Delhi-Mumbai Expressway underway
   
2. Replacement of bio-toilets with upgraded vacuum bio toilets in trains underway. Order for 500 placed on experimental basis.
   
3. No terror strikes in hinterland
   
4. 103 new KVs
   
5. 62 new Navodaya Vidyalayas
   
6. 6 new IITs against 16 in previous 57 years
   
7. 6 new IIMs against 13 in previous 57 years
   
8. 7 IIITs against 7 in previous 57 years
   
9. 02 new IISER
   
10. 12 new AIIMS against 7 in previous 57 years.
    
11. 141 new universities against 30 in previous 57 years
    
12. 01 new NIT
    
13. Life Insurances @ Rs 12 annual and @ Rs 12 monthly premiums
    
14. Atal Pension Yojana
    
15. Pension to 42 crore people of unorganised sector
    
16. Ambedkar memorial
    
17. BHIM application for digital payments
    
18. Khelo India Initiative for tracking of athletes' development, Rs 5 lk per annum scholarship for 1000 budding athletes per year for eight years each; monthly Rs 50000 out-of -pocket exptr, 2000 PETs, salary cap of coaches doubled from Rs 1-2 lk per month, target 15 yrs
    
19. Special Task Force for Olympics
    
20. RERA Act
    
21. Bullet train maiden project
    

1. 36 murtis retrieved and brought back to India in 2014-2019 under India Pride Project against 02 between 2000-2013, 02 in 90s, 03 in 80s, 01 in 70s and nil in 50s and 60s
   
2. Unemployment rate 3.8% against 13.8 % in 2013
   
3. India is a less-cash society now
   
4. Develpment of Trincomalee and Columbo port while checkmating China's Hambantota by taking operations of near by (15 km away) Mattala Rajapaksha International Airport
   
5. Plugging the 'double taxation avoidance' black money loophole through a new tax agreement with Mauritius
   
6. Deal with Switzerland for automatic tax data sharing from 01 Jan 2019
   

1. Creation of 100 Smart cities, 100 crore per year per city for 05 years, 500 acres for retrofitting, 50 acres for redevelopment, 250 acres for green field projects, 10% of energy from renewable resources, 80% of green building construction, special purpose vehicles.

1. Increase in Child Sex Ratio (CSR) in 104 BBBP (Beti Bachao Beti Padhao) districts, anti-natal care registration in 119 districts and institutional deliveries in 146 out of total 640 districts as in Mar 18. CSR of Haryana increased from 871 to 914.
   
2. International Yoga Day
   
3. Aspirational Districts Programme: 115 'backward' districts placed under 'prabharis' and for competitive development on the basis of 49 performance indicators, target year 2022.
   

1. 251 Passport Seva Kendras (PSKs) and Post Office Passport Seva kendras (POPSKs) against 77 till 2014, target of one PSK every 50 km across India.
   
2. Unanimous election of Justice Dalveer Bhandari to ICJ forcing UK to pull out own nominee Christopher Greenwood, demonstrating India's clout in international arena.
   
3. India Post Payments Bank: India's biggest banking outreach with 1.55 lakh post offices (2.5 times banking network) linked to IPPB system
   
4. Philip Kotler award, Seoul Peace prize, Champion of the Earth Award, Grand Collar of the State of Palestine, Amir Abdulla Khan Award, King Abdulaziz Sash award, Amir Amanullah Khan award.
   
5. 1900 gifts and memorabilia received by Modi auctioned and 11.7 crores added to Namami Gange fund, 1.4 c of Seoul Peace award also to Nammami Gange.
   

1. Removal of article 370 and thereby also 35a after several decades.
   
2. Giving citizenship to persecuted minorities in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan through passing of CAA.
   
3. Trust for creation of Ram Mandir underway.
   
4. Abolishment of Haj subsidy.
   
5. Abolishment and criminalization of instant triple talak.
   
6. Deal with Bodo community.
   
7. Getting Maulana Masood Azhar listed as an UN designated terrorist.
   

For a quick, easier search - http://www.isthisanmlm.com/ has compiled this whole thread. Special thanks to u/SHIFTnSPACE. - This is now a part of the sidebar as a button widget!

What is an MLM?

Multi-level marketing (MLM), also called pyramid selling, network marketing, and referral marketing, is a marketing strategy for the sale of products or services where the revenue of the MLM company is derived from a non-salaried workforce selling the company's products/services, while the earnings of the participants are derived from a pyramid-shaped or binary compensation commission system. ​

"It was the first of a new kind of supernote ever found in the world," Lee Ho-Joong, head of KEB Hana Bank's anti-counterfeit centre told Agence France-Presse.

"It seems that whoever printed these supernotes has the facilities and high level of technology matching that of a government", said Lee Ho-jung, a bank spokesman from KEB Hana Bank in South Korea. "They are made with special ink that changes colour depending on the angle, patterned paper and Intaglio printing that gives texture to the surface of a note".

1. Fragile five to Fastest growing economy - India
   
2. 11th largest to the 5th largest economy - India
   
3. Share of world GDP from 2.43% in 2014 to 3.08% in 2018
   
4. Average GDP 7.3% against 6.7% in previous regime
   
5. Forex reserves from 300 bn USD in 2014 to 420 bn USD in 2018
   
6. Doubling of FDI inflow from 36 bn USD in 2014 to 66 billion USD in 2018
   
7. Inflation less than 2.3 % (Nov 18) against 10.1% in 2014
   
8. Growth of sensex from 24,121.74 in 2014 to 36,395.03 on 12 Feb 19 (50.88%)
   
9. Fiscal deficit under control
   
10. Per capita income increased by 45% from Rs 86,647 in 2014 to Rs 1,25,397
    
11. IT exemption from 2 lakh in 2014 to 5 lakh (effectively 9.85 lakh with home loan)
    
12. Restaurant bills tax reduced from 18% in 2014 to 5%
    
13. Transaction charges through card down from 1% to 0%, domestic money transfer fee down from Rs 5 in 2014 to zero
    
14. Financial inclusion (32 crore bank accounts with 260 billion worth deposits). Almost 100% coverage from earlier 50%
    
15. DBT (savings of 83000 crores @ 15000 crore annually), No of govt schemes DBT applied to increased from 34 in 2014 to 433, 2.7 lakh fake mid-day meal students, 3.3 crore fake LPG connections, 87 lakh fake MNREGA job cards, 3 crore fake ration cards eliminated
    
16. Zero IT for businesses with turnover upto 60 lakhs
    
17. GST exemplifying cooperative federalism, rates of 83 items down from pre-GST rates, out of 1211 items only 35 items in above 18% slab, 39% reduction of cost of basic household items. Average 1 lk crore monthly revenue through GST collection. Exempted for business upto 40 lk
    
18. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, constitution of NCLT, 3 lakh crores of NPAs recovered, 66 cases resolved, 260 cases liquidated, resolution of stressed assets, 2100 companies pay back 83000 crore to banks settling their pending loan repayments
    
19. 75 billion $ or Yen to Rupee exchange agreement with Japan
    
20. 1 lakh shell companies deregistered, FCRA licenses of 4800 NGOs cancelled
    
21. Fugitive Economic Offenders Bill, properties of economic fugitives seized and auctioned
    
22. 1.9 lakh km of rural roads. Rural road connectivity at 91% from 55%
    
23. 36 new airports, from 65 in 7 decades to 106, all states now in air connectivity map
    
24. Effective international diplomacy following 59 visits to nations, 38 single, 10 double, 3 triple and 2 quadruple visits by PM.(Seen during Airstrikes,No Country opposed India)
    
25. Benami Act for action against Money Laundering
    
26. Rural sanitation coverage 95 % up from 39% (8.8 crore toilets)
    
27. Solar energy capacity increased 8 fold from 2.63 GW to 22 GW, 19. 8.5 GW of biogas grid installed.
    
28. Ganga waterway transportation, usage by shipping giant Maersk, cost of transportation reduced from 10/ton (road) / Rs 6/ton (rail) to Re 1/ton
    
29. More than 2.4 crore households lit up, rural electricity coverage to households up from 70 to 95%, only 19836 homes remain (in Chhatisgarh) out of 2,48,09,235
    
30. Electricity accessibility rank jump from 99 in 2014 to 26 in 2019
    
31. 7 crore new gas connections to 3.5 crore households @69000 conections per day, coverage 90% from 55%, 82% return for refill, 42% beneficiaries Dalits
    
32. 14.4 crore mudra loans worth Rs 7 lakh crore disbursed
    
33. 18000 remote villages connected with electricity
    
34. 2.92 lakh km of optical fibre laid, 0.02% to 50% gram Panchayat connectivity
    
35. Swachh bharat mission has saved, according to WHO, 3 lakh lives and will save 1.5 lakh lives per year.
    
36. IT filers increase from 3.79 crore to 6.08 crore, enterprises registered for indirect tax up from 64 lk to 118 lakh
    
37. Entry of India in global regimes Missile Technology Control regime (MTCR), WA (Wassenaar Arrangement) and Australia Group
    
38. 17 crore soil health cards
    
39. 1.5 crore houses built, 91.37 crore in rural areas and 13.5 lakh in urban areas against 25 lakh houses built between 2010-2014. House for all target year is 2022.
    
40. 1,78,346 houses built in NE over existing 2875 houses built till 2014
    
41. Home loan interest rate down from 10.3 % in 2014 to 8.4% in 2018, annual savings of Rs 47,160 for 30 lakhs over 30 years, no GST on affordable housing, 5% on remaining
    
42. Trading agreement in rupee with Iran and UAE
    
43. Common service centres up from 84k to 3 Lakh
    
44. OROP implemented after 43 years, 35000 crores disbursed to 8 crore veterans
    
45. India's vaccination programme Indradhanush amongst 12 best practices of world
    
46. 5035 Jan Aushadhi and - 1054 medicines under price control (60-90% discounts).
    
47. More than 150 Amrit stores, reduction of cost of cromium cobalt Knee implant from 1.58-2.5 lakh to 54,720 and high flex implant from Rs181728 to 56490 (69%), 85% reduction in cardiac stent price to Rs 28000
    
48. 87% reduction in 400 cancer drugs
    
49. Rate of Interest on higher education loans dropped from 14.75 in 2013 to 10.88% in 2019, savings of 1.18 lakh on 10 lakh loan over tenure of 60 months, Rs 2000 savings on EMI
    
50. Data revolution: Cost of 1 GB $0.26 in India against $12.37 in US, $6.66 in UK and $75.2 in Zimbabwe. Unlimited mobile+ 45 Gb data = Rs 150 against Rs 1000 in 2013; annual savings of 10,200
    
51. Katra rail line work completed after 16 years
    
52. Dhola Sadiya bridge work completed after 16 years
    
53. Sardar Sarovar Dam work completed after 15 years
    
54. Aadhaar act
    
55. Pakyong airport completed after 10 years
    
56. Chennai Nashri Tunnel after 10 years
    
57. Assam NRC after 40 years
    
58. National War Memorial after 50 years
    
59. NE cpas after 60 years
    
60. Kollam bypass after 43 years
    
61. Indo-Bangladesh enclaves after 42 years
    
62. Bansagar canal project after 40 years
    
63. Bogibeel bridge after 23 years
    
64. Western peri expressway after 15 years
    
65. Kota Chambal bridge after 11 years
    
66. Maibang-Lumding Stretch completed
    
67. Delhi Meerut Expressway completed
    
68. Ganga Expressway project (world's longest) underway
    
69. Metros in Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Jaipur, Lucknow, Washermenpet
    
70. All umanned level crossings eliminated
    
71. Ayushman Bharat: annual 5 lakh health care to every family, 15.05 lakh hospital admissions for secondary/ tertiary treatment, 2.4 crore e-cards generated as on 10 Mar 19 in 170 days. Target 50 crore people.
    
72. 59minutes loan portal: 92,000 loan applications of MSME amounting to 30,000 crores approved, 6000 crores sanctioned till Nov 18
    
73. 87% of farming house (owning land of 2 hctrs) or 12 cr ppl to get kisaan sammaan nidhi of Rs 6000 pr year. Rs 5215 cr transferred directly to 2.6 crore farmers in 37 days (for households with holding less than 0.01 hectares incm per month so far was Rs 8136 agnst exp of 6594
    
74. 1.5 million electric rickshaws
    
75. Procurement of 36 Rafale on Government to Government Basis avoiding middlemen
    
76. 05 billion$ S 400 Triumf air defence missile system deal with Russia
    
77. 145 M777 howitzer deal
    
78. 22 Apache AH 64E multi-role combat helos
    
79. 200 KA-226T helicopters
    
80. 56 EADS CASA C-295 transport aircraft
    
81. 15 CH 47 Chinook tactical transport helicopters
    
82. 2.3 lakh Bullet proof jackets
    
83. 1.6 lakh Bullet-proof helmets
    
84. 777 mn USD Barak 8 LRSAM contract
    
85. 5 bn USD S-400 air defence systems
    
86. 10 Heron TP armed drones
    
87. 4 additional P8I MR aircraft
    
88. 40 units of Laser sensor border fence installed
    
89. 72,400 Sig Sauer Assault rifles
    
90. 100 self-propelled K9 Vajra howitzers
    
91. 700000 AK-103 Kalashnikov assault rifles indigenous facility
    
92. Surgical strikes in Myanmar, across LoC and in Pakistan. Only Country to bomb a Nuclear Powered Country
    
93. 240 million visitors at Kumbh Mela 2019, cost 4236 crores @ Rs 177 per tourist, revenue 1.2 Lakh crores
    
94. 833 teraflop supercomputer Param Shivay by IIT BHU at Rs 32.5 crores
    
95. Divisional status to Ladakh
    
96. 470 bed ESIC hospital in Ennore
    
97. 100 bed ESIC hospital in Tiruppur
    
98. Namami Gange - Ganga is 30% cleaner, 83 out of 97 ganga towns and 4456 villages achieved ODF status, 08 out of 16 drains emptying 16 crore l sewage into Ganga tapped. Target date Mar 2020
    
99. 5,45,122 ODF villages, 598 ODF districts, 27 ODF states/ villages
    
100. RERA implementation
     
101. Udaan scheme - flight cost down from Rs 5000/1000 km in 2013 to 3400/1000 km in 2018, 34 airports operationalised, small towns connected, all states on aerial
     
102. Preventive conservation of 39275570 folios, curative conservation of 3656863 filios, digitisation of 2.83 lakh manuscripts consisting of 2.93 crore pages
     
103. India is now world's largest 2-wheeler manufacturer, 2nd largest smartphone manufacturer (94% of mobiles sold now made in India), 4th largest automaker, 2nd largest steel producer
     
104. 5100 m Mandvi Bridge in Goa in 3.5 years
     
105. Ease of doing Business ranking jump from 134 in 2014 to 77 in 2019
     
106. Therubali - Singapur Bridge No 588
     
107. Restoration of Asurgarh Fort, Kalahandi
     
108. GeM portal with 731431 product categories, 180,862 registered sellers and 32114 govt buyers
     
109. 10% EWS reservation
     
110. 40% of ongoing 700 NH projects completed, adding 40,039 km between 2014-18 against 91,287 km between 1947-2014
     
111. Highway construction rate jumped from 12 km/day in 2014 to 27 km/day in 2019
     
112. 101 terrorists and 11 offenders extradited
     
113. 90,000 ex-partite Indians evacuated
     
114. Chabahar port, Sittwe port and Duqm port
     
115. Military installation in Seychelles
     
116. International logistics agreements with US, France and Singapore
     
117. Work underway on 25 MLD ZLD Common Effluent Treatment Plant at Gujarat Eco Textile Park and will save 25 million litres of water per day
     
118. Beautification of 65 railway stations, all stations fitted with LED lights, wi-fi, multi-brand food centres, kiosks, executive lounges, lifts (445 from 97 in 2014), escalators (603 from 199 in 2014), travellators and ramps
     
119. Record number of foot over bridges built
     
120. 871 new train services
     
121. 180 new rail lines
     
122. Dedicated railway freight corridor - 2 sections completed
     
123. 100% electrification of railways underway, first solar powered railway station (Guwahati). First solar powered train (world's second), savings of Rs 40 Lakhs and 90,000 ltrs diesel per year
     
124. Make in India semi-high-speed trains - Tejas, Gatiman and Vande Bharat
     
125. Humsafar and Antodaya trains, Deen Dayalu and Anubhuti coaches, UDAY double decker, glass dome Vistadome coaches
     
126. Project Swarn and Project Utkrisht to upgrade Rajdhani/Shatabdi and Mail/Express respectively
     
127. Largest coach production in world at ICF, Chennai
     
128. No more human extreta on railway tracks. Installation of 1.37 lakh out of 2.5 lakh completed in Jun 18.
     
129. 400 wi-fi railway stations (Aug 18)
     
130. 80% reduction in rail accidents
     
131. 10 high speed rail corridors underway, target date 2025-26
     
132. Export of world class customised coaches from MCF, Rae Bareli
     
133. LIC and Air India register profit
     
134. 2300 km rail tracks constructed, speed jumped from 4.1 km/day in 2014 to 6.53 km/day in 2018
     
135. Neem coating of urea
     
136. Gokul mission - record 160 million ton milk production
     
137. Online availability of CBSE and NCERT books
     
138. 10 crore LED bulbs distributed, 5000 crore savings
     
139. Investment in urban infrastructure jumped from 157703 crores to 795500 crores
     
140. Statue of Unity to commemorate Iron Man of India
     
141. Rs 2509 crore sales in Khadi
     
142. 482.36 million digital transactions worth Rs 74,978 crores in Oct 2018 against 0.3 million transactions worth Rs 90 crores in Nov 2016
     
143. 30% increase in ATMs, 208% increase of PoS machines from 10.81 lakh in May 14 to 33.32 lakh in Aug 18, 111% increase in credit cards from 1.94 crore in May 14 to 4.10 crore in Aug 18, 144% increase in debit cards from 40.17 crore to 98.02 crore
     
144. Ease of Doing Business Index 142 (2014) to 100 (2018)
     
145. Ease of getting electricity index 99 (2014) to 26 (2018)
     
146. UN's e-govt index 118 (2014) to 97(2018)
     
147. Globalisation index 112 to 107 (2018)
     
148. Innovation index 76 to 60 (2018)
     
149. Competitiveness index 71 to 39
     
150. Logistics performance index 54 to 35
     
151. Global peace index 141 to 137
     
152. DBR ranking 100 to 77
     
153. India ranks 3rd in global start up ecosystem
     
154. 06 crore jobs in MSME sector based on CII data
     
155. 448 million formal jobs based on EPFO, NPS and PPF data
     
156. 10 crore jobs in entrepreneurship via mudra and other schemes
     
157. 80% increase in tax payers, 51.3 % increase in gross tax revenue
     
158. Black Money report card - Voluntary income declaration scheme (Rs 65250 crore), IT search and survey operations (35,460 crore), Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana(5000 crore), Benami transactions Act (4300 crore), Black Money and Imposition of Tax Act (4100 crore)
     

1. 800 km Delhi-Mumbai Expressway underway
   
2. Replacement of bio-toilets with upgraded vacuum bio toilets in trains underway. Order for 500 placed on experimental basis.
   
3. No terror strikes in hinterland
   
4. 103 new KVs
   
5. 62 new Navodaya Vidyalayas
   
6. 6 new IITs against 16 in previous 57 years
   
7. 6 new IIMs against 13 in previous 57 years
   
8. 7 IIITs against 7 in previous 57 years
   
9. 02 new IISER
   
10. 12 new AIIMS against 7 in previous 57 years.
    
11. 141 new universities against 30 in previous 57 years
    
12. 01 new NIT
    
13. Life Insurances @ Rs 12 annual and @ Rs 12 monthly premiums
    
14. Atal Pension Yojana
    
15. Pension to 42 crore people of unorganised sector
    
16. Ambedkar memorial
    
17. BHIM application for digital payments
    
18. Khelo India Initiative for tracking of athletes' development, Rs 5 lk per annum scholarship for 1000 budding athletes per year for eight years each; monthly Rs 50000 out-of -pocket exptr, 2000 PETs, salary cap of coaches doubled from Rs 1-2 lk per month, target 15 yrs
    
19. Special Task Force for Olympics
    
20. RERA Act
    
21. Bullet train maiden project
    

1. 36 murtis retrieved and brought back to India in 2014-2019 under India Pride Project against 02 between 2000-2013, 02 in 90s, 03 in 80s, 01 in 70s and nil in 50s and 60s
   
2. Unemployment rate 3.8% against 13.8 % in 2013
   
3. India is a less-cash society now
   
4. Develpment of Trincomalee and Columbo port while checkmating China's Hambantota by taking operations of near by (15 km away) Mattala Rajapaksha International Airport
   
5. Plugging the 'double taxation avoidance' black money loophole through a new tax agreement with Mauritius
   
6. Deal with Switzerland for automatic tax data sharing from 01 Jan 2019
   

1. Creation of 100 Smart cities, 100 crore per year per city for 05 years, 500 acres for retrofitting, 50 acres for redevelopment, 250 acres for green field projects, 10% of energy from renewable resources, 80% of green building construction, special purpose vehicles.

1. Increase in Child Sex Ratio (CSR) in 104 BBBP (Beti Bachao Beti Padhao) districts, anti-natal care registration in 119 districts and institutional deliveries in 146 out of total 640 districts as in Mar 18. CSR of Haryana increased from 871 to 914.
   
2. International Yoga Day
   
3. Aspirational Districts Programme: 115 'backward' districts placed under 'prabharis' and for competitive development on the basis of 49 performance indicators, target year 2022.
   

1. 251 Passport Seva Kendras (PSKs) and Post Office Passport Seva kendras (POPSKs) against 77 till 2014, target of one PSK every 50 km across India.
   
2. Unanimous election of Justice Dalveer Bhandari to ICJ forcing UK to pull out own nominee Christopher Greenwood, demonstrating India's clout in international arena.
   
3. India Post Payments Bank: India's biggest banking outreach with 1.55 lakh post offices (2.5 times banking network) linked to IPPB system
   
4. Philip Kotler award, Seoul Peace prize, Champion of the Earth Award, Grand Collar of the State of Palestine, Amir Abdulla Khan Award, King Abdulaziz Sash award, Amir Amanullah Khan award.
   
5. 1900 gifts and memorabilia received by Modi auctioned and 11.7 crores added to Namami Gange fund, 1.4 c of Seoul Peace award also to Nammami Gange.