The percentage changes in the title are compared to last week. Today I changed my source for exchange rates from the XE's one-time rate to the SBP's daily averages.
Size of the Forex Reserves of Pakistan since April 03
Date
Foreign Exchange Reserves in the SBP
Week-on-Week Percentage Change (In SBP)
Month-on-Month Percentage Change(In SBP)**
Total Foreign Exchange Reserves
Week-on-Week Percentage Change (Total)
Month-on-Month Percentage Change (Total)**
April 03, 2020
$10.7225 Billion
-4.14%
-16.16%
$16.9882 Billion
-2.30%
-10.14%
April 10, 2020
$10.9746 Billion
+2.35%
-13.45%
$17.2955 Billion
+1.81%
-7.72%
April 17, 2020
$10.8892 Billion
-0.78%
-9.17%
$17.3003 Billion
+0.03%
-4.45%
April 24, 2020
$12.0703 Billion
+10.85%
+7.91%
$18.4630 Billion
+6.72%
+6.19%
April 30, 2020*
$12.3294 Billion
+2.15%
+14.99%
$18.7551 Billion
+1.58%
+10.40%
* May 1 was a public holiday. **A month refers to four weeks, as the data is released on a weekly basis.
USD/PKR Mid-Market Daily Average Exchange Rate since April 03
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Press Conference with the Governor of the People's Bank of China 任中国人民银行行长 Yi Gang 易纲 on current monetary and regulatory matters in the People's Republic of China for the year 2022
Dear Ladies and Gentlemen The People's Bank of China (PBOC) is gladdened to announce that the efforts made by the Bank to consolidate financial markets and reign in unproductive credit and the misappropriation in debt lending are seeing bountiful returns. For the 2022 year forecast, we are thus heartened to state that the economy has exponentially preformed to bring growth above 7 percent, beating negative analysis on efforts on the PBOC and government's meaningful reforms to address core structural issues that have threatened the Chinese and global economy. While we have identified specific measures in relation to consumer demand and business growth, in conjunction with the improving regulatory framework, we foresee promising inflationary movement and are pleased to see an adaptive labour market take hold in overall trends for key benchmarks. In regards to the current developments in the Banks's stimulus efforts, we shall maintain the current level of market guidance and capital assistance. While we continue this approach, we are constantly assessing the Mainland's capital markets liquidity and should concerns be spotted that identify general overheating, the PBOC is ready to address those concerns and enforce targeted measures. Now, onto the main elements of the year's statement: the current status on the internationalisation of the Renminbi and policy responses to optimise a favourable environment as well as new guidelines on capital market The following discussion shall be complimented with the following handout:
The Renminbi - The People's Currency, and Soon the World's?
The Continued Dollar Dominance
First, a blunt fact: while multiple reserve currencies have co-existed before, and of course dominance today does not guarantee dominance in the future, with the British pound's fall as a gentle reminder of this, the PBOC is pragmatic in stating that dollar's demise looks a long ways off. Part of this is the on-the-ground data indicating that the drive to internationalisation has indeed lost much of its momentum as a reserve currency.
There is no better reminder that the US dollar is dominant than the rout across emerging market economies sine 2016-2020. The worst-performing currencies of 2019 shared a disproportionate reliance on the greenback. In 2015, 62 per cent of countries anchored their currencies to the dollar and about the same percentage of developing countries borrow in the currency.
On the other hand, less than 30 per cent of countries use the euro as an anchor for their exchange rates and only 13 per cent of external debt for developing countries is euro-denominated. The pound and the yen barely show up in the data.
When it comes to global currency reserves held by central banks, the dollar is unrivalled. While its share of global foreign-exchange reserves has fallen for five consecutive quarters, global central banks have more or less held some 60 per cent or more of their reserves in the greenback since 1996. Even with a loss of confidence in US markets, forex holdings in the Renminbi have been somewhat insignificant.
Chinese Efforts to Open Up the Renminbi - An Uneven Effort
In March 2019, China introduced its first renminbi-denominated oil futures contract, an attempt to have an alternative for domestic and international investors and traders to the petro-dollar order. However until the central government creates bilateral agreement with major oil-producing (OPEC) states to accept payment in Renminbi, this will continue to see sub-optimal results.
Since gaining a spot in the IMF's Special Drawing Rights basket of reserve currencies in 2015, China has also extended local currency swaps with various countries, including those along its landmark Belt and Road initiative, as well as took steps to open up its local bond market to foreign investors. Though given the sputtering results in BRI agreements and the concerns on excessive lending to questionable projects/governments, the BRI as a route to internationalisation has taken a backseat for policy makers.
Of concern to the PBOC and MOF policy analysts is that internationalisation of China's currency has stalled, and by some measures even reversed. As in 2016, the Renminbi was the fifth most actively used currency for domestic and international payments, with a roughly 2 per cent share, according to SWIFT. That's a drop from 2014 and 2015 when the use of China's currency doubled — in a year — to 2.8 per cent.
When only international payments are considered, the Renminbi drops to eighth place behind: the dollar, which comprises nearly 45 per cent; the euro with 32 per cent; followed by the Japanese yen, British pound, Swiss franc, Canadian dollar and Australian dollar, which all have a share of 5 per cent or less.
Allowing market forces to play a larger role in determining the Renminbi's value and opening up the capital account would require a complete overhaul of the country's financial system. While we realise that such a policy shift would bring some expected gains, the PBOC sees little reason to make a great pivot towards liberalisation, but instead a concerted series of smaller policies - or to put it more traditionally, 'Crossing the river by grasping the stones on the riverbed.'
Making The Cross Across the Riverbed Towards A More Global Renminbi The PBOC has issued the following in its Guiding Measures to the Chinese Mainland and SAR financial markets:
A new rule shall be instituted on cross-border Renminbi FDI which stipulates that, in principle, all the foreign enterprises are allowed to raise Renminbi funds in offshore Renminbi markets and repatriate them back to the mainland in the form of FDI. Previously, the foreign firms’ behaviours of remitting Renminbi back into Mainland were subjected to the PBOC’s approval on a case-by-case basis.
These transactions are to be settled in Hong Kong accounts, thus increasing the amount of Yuan in circulation offshore; these offshore Renminbi will be distinctly referred to as CNH rather than the onshore CNY. Furthermore, this allows the PBOC to act should the policy be abused by market speculators looking for an easy entry into China's domestic capital markets.
This new rule will further buoy the offshore Renminbi (“Dim Sum”) bond market and accelerate the pace of Renminbi internationalisation.
The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall begin to broker with OPEC states an agreement on settlement of trade in crude oil and its derivatives be conducted in Renminbi, in a further boost to the Shanghai International Energy Exchange and Shanghai crude oil futures market.
The extension of the “mini-QFII” scheme to India, Pakistan, ASEAN, the Republic of Korea and Japan which will allow some foreign central banks, beyond only a handful of smaller nearby Asian countries, to start building a limited amount of currency reserves even before anything like full currency convertibility will be authorised and conducted. QFII stands for Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor, a designation that allows a company to invest in Chinese bonds and equities — though again, within guiding limits issued by the PBOC on a case-by-case basis.
Regulators will begin a similar pilot scheme - RQFII - that would allow financial institutions with a physical mainland presence to remit currency from their Hong Kong subsidiaries back to the mainland — and, potentially, foreign central banks to invest small amounts of Renminbi in the Chinese interbank bond market.
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority already has QFII status, and the Monetary Authority of Singapore has applied, with the PBOC accepting further applications.
Foreign institutions will be given a capped access of no more than $100 million in Hong Kong accounts to derivatives, including financial futures, commodity futures and options in testing the markets' reaction to foreign operators.
[EVENT] Market shock mitigation deployed by CPC, PBOC in response to American sanctions
Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China,Sanlihe, Xicheng District, Beijing
Shock Mitigation, Market and Sector Responses
A strong statement today by President Xi Jinping as news trickled in of yet another American policy shift: "America cannot win a trade war." Over successive policy statements and briefs from central Ministry of Finance officials, it has become clear that the response of Chinese authorities is directed to drive home the President's sentiment. China holds vastly more capacity to outlast the United States in a protracted trade war, including over $3T in Forex reserves to the United States $118 billion, finalized and active RCEP and nearly finalized SCO agreements, and large internalized increases in domestic consumption. However, President Jinping has stated that "Beijing will not allow the Washington to display a complete lack of international diplomatic respect and sensibility, treating China as an inferior nation to be brought to heel." Many Chinese news outlets are now quoting Finance Minister Lou Jiwei, who noted that "American middle and lower class consumers will be the real losers here, while Chinese manufacturers will seek to accelerate their move to developing markets and focus greater on our emerging middle class." Finance and administration officials have touted a recently released package of counter active industry and domestic economic actions as the first step in a "decisive Chinese response," signaling that Beijing intends to both sharply mitigate Chinese economic damage while fighting back against American tariffs, both defensively and offensively.
Internal Economic Measures
CPC leaders are aware that in a war of tariff attrition with their largest export market, they have a distinct major advantage: a burgeoning domestic consumption market driven by a developing middle class and decade high level of economic growth, and have made a point of contrasting this with a mature and developed American market. Leaders have quickly sought to boost market confidence, banking on the successful and level response of the administration in Beijing in sharp contrast to the erratic and damaging actions lately from Washington. Having successfully prevented and even boosted capital reserves over the past five years far across the $3T line while slowly shrinking various bubbles under the SAFE program, officials are confident that the Chinese economy is well positioned to absorb the external shock through a variety of means, including the following:
The PBoC has cut the internal lending rate from 6% to 4.5% for approximately two years, as well as lowered the required reserve ratio for consumer deposits to 16%, the lowest since 2015.
The government has ad hoc relaxed real estate market restrictions further in order to avoid a constriction of the property market and a possible bubble collapse. These measures are a continuance of the 2017 volatility measures, and allow foreign businesses and individuals to purchase more than one property in the country. Foreign institutional investors are also no longer required to pay registration fees on loans availed to fund their property.
The central bank has pumped ¥90bn into the market financial system over a variety of methods, seeking to avert fears of a meltdown and instill confidence; a similarly successful and larger package of ¥230bn was used in 2015. Similarly, SAFE has extended a ban on stock sells by shareholders who hold more than 5% of a company.
These measures are designed as a temporary stopgap while the CPC works on releasing a long term, sustainable economic rebalance, which is widely expected in the following days.
Yuan Adjustment
The Yuan is currently pegged in a "managed floating rate" against the USD at ¥6.2/$1. To ease the pressure on Chinese exporters driven by US tariffs, and to ensure that exports remain competitive especially in critical developing markets - which Beijing is now seeking to dominate, as has been for years - the PBOC has instituted a small change to the managed reference rate. This is not referred to as a devaluation in any way.
The reference rate is (once again) set as relative to "foreign exchange demand and supply," a tactic that Beijing has used in the past in order to easily manipulate the value, and has narrowed the trading band to +/- 1.5pc.
CNY production will be increased 5.5pc as the PBOC begins buying USD in larger quantities.
Beijing is looking to quietly engineer a 2pc reduction in the CNY in a single sweep, with a maximum trading rate falling against to ¥7/$1. However, Yang Gi, Deputy Minister of the PBOC, has put out a statement noting:
"The assumption that the People's Bank is attempting to engineer a ten percent devaluation is groundless. The volatility in the market is currently under careful control, and is largely in relation to American financial pressures. However, the PBOC stands ready to step in with capital control measures - including forex buybacks of the Yuan - if the market turns sour."
Specific Industry Stimulus
Party officials and Financial deputies have examined at the situation in each of the general tariffed areas excepting automobiles; steel/iron, aluminum, textiles, industrial machinery, and heavy manufacturing. In several cases, demand is incredibly saturated domestically; in others, the addition of SCO/RCEP FTAs and the progress of the Silk Road to Western Asia and Europe have insulated the sectors. However, officials also view this as a chance to rebalance growth in several over-capacitated sectors, a long standing goal.
Steel: China has previously made a bid to drain overcapacity of their heavy steel sector, which was estimated at 14%, by beginning construction of a massive capital renovation project, the Xiongan New Area. It was expected by officials that the project would rebalance the domestic demand and allow a gradual shift towards neutral or near neutral production; the American sanctions are expected to have little domestic effect, perhaps accelerating the needed balance by 3pc during the first year. American exports are no longer in the Top Ten destination lists, with Vietnam, South Korea, and Pakistan taking the top spots.
Aluminum: Previously, American aluminum manufacturers had hoped to address the mammoth Chinese overcapacity through diplomatic solutions,, as China has growth to capture 22% of the American market. No longer willing to play ball with American WTO complaints, given their recent actions, central planning authorities will institute a heavier subsidy for aluminum production, essentially negating a portion of the tariff, while they seek to redirect capacity towards RCEP nations. Market data will no longer be available, or will be incredibly disjointed, to misdirect American trade groups as they battle the market flood of cheap aluminum. However, Chinese authorities have instituted a ban on new aluminum manufacturing and facilities while the sector is able to bleed capacity into Asian markets.
Textiles: Chinese exporters trade approximately $39bn with American importers, namely large retail stores such as Walmart, per year in textiles. This has been massively outpaced by East Asian, which at 2016 figures found $93bn of Chinese imports, and Europe, which imported $72bn. However, in an attempt to insulate North American focused exporters, China has offered a subsidy of ¥40bn drip fed over several years to offset the 20% tariff, and has massively encouraged these exporters to shift quickly away from North America in favor of Silk Road nations.
Industrial Machinery: Here Chinese firms do heavy business with America: *$194bn in exports as of 2015. While a 20% tariff on machinery needed for American construction sectors is widely expected to raise construction costs and depress the American building industry, Chinese leaders feel they strongly need to encourage this trade flow away from a volatile American market. With a subsidy of ¥60bn, CPC officials have instituted a "Silk Road Industrial Machine Fund," which encourages with grant funding Chinese domestic manufacturers to retool both their logistics and production facilities to provide exports to developing nations. It is the goal of the CPC to reduce American machinery exports to under $100bn by 2025 and replace this with competitive gains in Africa, Europe, and Asia.
Automotive parts and finished exports have not been given specific attention due to the second part of the package, where reciprocal measures will soon be imposed; leading to the belief that American car parts manufacturers will soon lobby the government to remove the shortsighted 30% duty.
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