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![]() | A short intro to this post series submitted by galeej to IndiaSpeaks [link] [comments] Hi All, We're starting this post series that will focus on economics, policy, current affairs and politics to a certain extent from a data backed lens. The idea is to critically analyze, using relevant data, topics that citizens should ideally know and understand. The topics covered will be wide and varied. The politics behind petrol The price of petrol and diesel – Why is it so high? The price of petrol and the price of diesel has been going steady like the VVS Laxman and Rahul Dravid partnership in the fabled Eden Garden test match; and just like that partnership, there does not seem to be any let up. Prices of fuel in India seem like an anomaly when compared to the prices in our neighbourhood. Its often makes for an interesting comparison article where people compare the prices of petrol across our neighbours and show how “costly” it is here. While the price of petrol is always known to be high due to duties, it is very important to analyze why and what impact these duties have on the economy. First, lets start off by analyzing and breaking down the price of petrol and where it goes. The table below shows the breakdown of taxes and duties for 1 litre of petrol in Delhi (oct 2021): Split of petrol and diesel prices and its cess As you can see, around 31% of the price of petrol goes to the central government while around 23% goes to the state government. This effectively means that around 54% - 60% of the cost of fuel goes to the government. So remember, the next time you fill a litre of petrol, you’re effectively giving 60% of the fuel price to the government as a tax. An interesting aside to note here is that Fuel and Alcohol (consequently two cash cows for many a government) is interestingly out of the purview… likely because the GST rate stops at 28%... but that is an article for another day. The history of pricing of petrol and diesel Historically, India did not have a free market pricing for petrol and diesel. Petrol and diesel would be imported by the government and the government would set the price that would be payable by the citizens for using it. The advantage of this method of pricing lies in the fact that the government can choose to keep prices somewhat stable and protect the citizens from random shocks in prices that affected petrol prices during OPEC shutdowns (refer to the US petrol crisis in the mid 1960s). However, the disadvantage is that when prices continuously increase, the government will go into debt if they do not commensurately increase the price of petrol/diesel. Backdrop in 2004 and economic impact of oil The 2004 year ended with spiralling petrol prices due to supply related crunches. The price of crude, which was around $36 a barrel, skyrocketed to $57 a barrel. The price of oil kept increasing due to supply side constraints. The problem with increasing oil for India meant a couple of things:
The government of India therefore decided to issue the infamous “Oil Bonds” in order to plug the gap between the total collections from citizens the additional gap. The issue? This is debt. And debt has to be repaid in the future. The government effectively pushed the problem to the future generations for their current consumption. This was effectively mentioned by Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then PM in the quote: “However, I would like the nation to remember that issuing bonds and loading deficits on oil companies is not a permanent solution to this problem. We are only passing on our burden to our children who will have to repay this debt” – Dr. Manmohan Singh 4th Jan 2008What initially started off as a Rs. 9000 cr oil bond in 2005 swelled into a Rs. 1.4 lac crore problem for the government in 2014. The total interest payments alone come to close to 1.3 lac crores since the year 2011 (see table below). The table below shows the amount of principal and interest payments that have been paid since 2011 and the expected settlement patterns of the loans. Settlement patterns for oil bonds (E is marked by Expected settlement pattern) *Table showing current and expected settlement of oil bonds **Source – Union budget of India (receipts) The last of the oil bonds will be settled in 2026. Inputs != outputs The idea of the oil bonds was simple. The government of India raises bonds for capital today (which was used to purchase oil and subsidize it for the citizens) in lieu of a payment of interest over the course of the tenure of the bond and eventual repayment of capital (not very dissimilar to a loan taken for paying your house). Curiouser and curiouser still is the receipts from duties. One would expect the duties to add up to the interest + principal component of the loan. Think of duties here as the EMI that you pay to your house (it’s not an accurate comparison, but it’s late in the night and this is the best I could come up with). You take a 10 lac loan to buy a house at a 7% interest rate from a bank; you would ideally expect to pay only the principal + interest in the EMIs. However, it’s very interesting to note that the duties and surcharges are in fact much, much higher than the actual bond itself. In fact, the duties and surcharges in the 2022-23 budget (which is receipts collected in 2020-21) is in fact greater than the actual principal + interest that is due. Breakdown of tax revenue in a budget and the corresponding cess in petrol and diesel collected Split of revenue and share of petrol and diesel cess **Source – Union budget of India (receipts) Graph of share of cess/duties in petrol and diesel to overall tax revenue Graph showing the share of petrol and diesel cess to the overall tax revenue One can easily infer from the table and graph on the events that have transpired:
The share of collections on petrol and diesel duties has been steadily increasing from 2014. One can clearly see a huge increase from the 2016-17 numbers and the 2017-18 numbers where the share of duties as a % of tax revenue has doubled. The share has reached a mammoth 13.43% of all tax revenues collected. The cess that was initially supposed to cover only the interest and principal payments of the bonds that were floated has now morphed into a source of revenue for the government. What is very interesting to note is that the total cess collected as per the 2022-23 budget (which show the numbers collected in 2020-21) show that the absolute value of the cess (rs. 1.92 lac crores) is greater than the total principal + interest amount that is actually due (which is a little short of 1.37 lac crores). This is somewhat like your bank collecting the entire loan amount and then some in a single year. What can be inferred from this A couple of things really:
Source for data: Multiple union budget documents taken from the website (https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/) |
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![]() | The financial market is flourishing with young traders investing in financial markets. The change in the market scenario is also bringing in technological advancement. submitted by ella4637 to forex_learnling [link] [comments] Several brokers are coming up to support traders and offer the best trading services. Binomo is one of the brokers providing the best trading features and tools. To learn more about the broker, we have a brief Binomo review. The review will guide traders to understand brokers and how it works to serve traders online. Binomo What is Binomo? Binomo is an Indian broker offering its trading services. It is a legitimate trading platform with proper regulations and security for traders. The broker caters to more than 113 countries. However, it is prevalent in India, Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Turkey. The exchange was introduced in 2014 under the ownership of the Dolphin corporation. The platform has more than 9 lakh active traders and 30,000,000 successful weekly trades. Is Binomo safe?Binomo is a safe trading platform with the International Financial Commission (IFC) regulation. The authority looks after its trading services and ensures a secure trading environment.Thousands of traders use the platform for advanced trading services. Also, the broker is categorising as A member of the regulatory body. Therefore, the broker works according to industry standards to offer the best possible trading. In addition, client risks come under the insurance of Binomo of $20,000 to protect in disputes. How to start trading at Binomo?Traders can easily register and be a user of Binomo broker services. Here we have the process of how they can trade with the trading platform:RegistrationThe first step to begin investing with Binomo is by getting registration. Traders can register easily with Binomo. By providing basic details such as name, number, address, email id, and payment method, traders can register on the platform.Next, they must get the broker's validation to access the platform. Demo TradingBinomo also provides traders with the feature of actual and reel trading. In addition, traders can use a demo account to practise trading with virtual funds.They can experience real market investments and use strategies, tools, and other facilities. The broker offers $1000 as a virtual currency to invest in assets. Thus, an excellent way to learn to trade for beginners in the market. Traders learn without actual investment and are familiar with the financial world. Real-Time TradingBinomo is a straightforward and less expensive platform. Traders can begin trading with a minimum deposit of $10. In addition, it allows traders to place orders at $1. Traders can select the asset and use market trends, indicators, and tools to analyse the market.Next, they can open their position and keep analysing to find the best opportunities. WithdrawalsLike deposits, the withdrawals at Binomo are simple. Therefore, traders can make quick and easy withdrawals. However, the platform requires traders to cross a specific limit of trades to free withdrawals.A trader having below-the-limit withdrawals pays 10% fees. Also, it requires the information in support of the account to be proper and complete. Traders with incomplete and wrong information cannot access deposits and withdrawals. The broker provides the withdrawal amount within three working days from the withdrawal request. The payment method that traders can use are:
Binomo Trading AppBinomo is gaining popularity with time which calls for having a trading app to make access easy. Traders can download and install the app on their mobile devices to trade anytime and anywhere.The platform works for iOS and Android mobile devices. Traders can get notifications and alerts and monitor trade with the app. Also, they can perform several other advanced features. ConclusionBinomo review is a short introduction to the trading platform. It gives brief details on the broker's history and is safe for traders. Besides, traders can know how they can begin trading with Binomo.Simple registration to open an account and deposit funds. Traders get to trade in the market. Also, they can use a demo account to practise and a trading app to trade anywhere. Overall a complete package for traders to get support from the broker and invest easily. |
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